Origin of the Universe

Phenomenon

Our Earth, for 12,000 years has been an ideal place for humans and other life to evolve. Now rising global temperatures have caused sea-levels to rise, and an increase in floods and droughts, all forcing groups of people to leave their homes There is also a rapid decline in populations of species worldwide that many scientists are referring to as the “Sixth Mass Extinction.” Our Earth is becoming less and less welcoming due to human impact, and our population is continuing to increase!

1. What are your initial ideas for what we can do to stop what is occurring to planet Earth and ensure the survival of humans and other species?

2. What can humans do to survive as a species if we are not successful in stopping the negative changes to planet Earth?

Earth's Timeline

Work with your table partner to answer the following questions

• How long after Earth’s formation did it take for life to appear on Earth?
• What about more complex life?
• What factors do you think contributed to it taking that long?

Earth-Sun System

What makes Earth habitable? What are the ideal conditions for life?

Draw the Earth-Sun system and add to it expplaining why Earth is ideal for life.

Share Out

What makes Earth habitable? What are the ideal conditions for life?

Find a whiteboard space in the classroom and put your ideas and or drawings on the board

What do we need to investigate in order to find an Earth-like planet where humans and other species might be able to live?

Share Out

Primary Texts

1. Read through the 3 texts in the packet
2. Return to each text and make your annotations (circle 3 details related to phenomenon)
3. Share with your group
4. Discuss as a group, and develop a story, what is the phenomenon in these texts?

What is happening to planet Earth?

Focus on the phenomenon, not your predictions

Brainstorm solutions to

ensure the survival of humans

• jot down some of your ideas silently

Share with your lab table

Agree on 2-3 possible solutions to share to the class

Hunting for Eath 2.0

If the Earth could no longer sustain human life, where could we go? Imagine that you belong to a committee of scientists that has been asked to explore the universe for an Earth like planet that may be habitable by humans. Your task is to convince the scientific community, congress, the president, your family and friends, basically the whole world, that the exoplanet you detect is worth the funding necessary to investigate it further and perhaps try to reach it one day.

1. What do we need to investigate about other stars (suns) and planets in order to find an Earthlike planet where humans and other species might be able to live?

2. Think about your initial explanations for why planet Earth has been able to sustain life. Then generate questions you would like to further investigate about exoplanets and the stars at the center of their solar system.

1. Share with group

2. Share questions with class

Does the expoplanet

have a sun like ours?

Exploring the Origin

of the Universe

Read: How does the sun provide energy

What other phenomena are you familiar with that are associated with a lot of energy? How is that energy being produced?

The Sun

• What are your ideas for how the Sun provides so much energy?
• What did you observe in the video or in your life that made you think this?

Questions

Questions

What is the universe and how did it begin?

Has it changed over time? If so, how?

Write down the statement you are most confident about and explain your thinking.

1. Share your rumor with a partner. SAY it out loud to a partner and LISTEN as they read theirs.

2. Exchange your post-it note

3. Explain your new rumor to a new partner.

Exchange with as many people as possible

• What do you notice about the sound?
• How can you explain the change in the siren's sound?

Domino Share

1. One Reporter from each table
2. Share out table to table like dominos

Explore

Explore

Explore:

What’s Going on With the Light Spectra of Other Galaxies?

1. With table partner go through Models 1 & 2
   • Model 1: What happens to sound waves when they travel from their source to an observer?
   • Model 2: What is the relationship between the pitch of a sound and its wavelength?
2. Complete See-Think-Wonder individually and then share with table.
3. Finish Summary of Models 2&3 as a table
4. Check with Mr. Porter
5. Start Model 3 with Table Partner

Engage: How did the universe begin?

Explore: Are galaxies moving towards/away/or not at all from Earth?

Explore Models:

• What happens to Waves (sound and light) when the source is moving
• What is a spectrum?
• What is an absorption spectrum?
• What is redshift vs. blue shift?
• What is

Doppler Effect

• The Doppler Effect is observed when the source or the observer of a wave is moving.
• When the source and observer are moving closer together the frequency of the wave is increased.
• When the source and observer are moving further apart the frequency of the wave is decreased.

Sound Waves & Light Waves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic Spectrum - ES Ref Table

Explore

• What patterns do we noticed about the absorption spectra?
• What differences do you noticed about each spectra?
• Is there a relationship between the absorption line wavelengths and the distance from Earth? If so what is it?

Model 1:

Model 2

Model 3

Goal of this activity: The perceived change in frequency of sound waves you heard as the sirens came toward and away from you is called the doppler effect. In this investigation you will use a computer simulation to investigate the change in frequency and wavelength of light.

The doppler effect influences all waves, like sound or light. In the case of light, instead of perceiving changes in pitch (like sound), we perceive changes in color. If something of a particular color is moving at a very high speed away or towards us, you will see a wave associated with a different color. This is the case with objects in the universe, they move at a really high speed. Let’s work on this simulator to understand this better.

Model 3: What is the relationship between the pitch of a sound and its wavelength?

How do your observations of lightwaves relate to what you learned about sound waves?

What is the relationship between frequency of light waves and the color an observer perceives?

Explain

Explain

What Does the Light Spectra of Galaxies Tell Us?

Universe: Static, Contracting, or Expanding?

As you remember, as a result of the Doppler effect, if galaxies were moving away from us, the wavelengths would become (hint: shorter or longer?)__________________. If this was the case, then the absorption lines would move toward the ___________ color (hint: red or blue?). Take a look at the light spectra of galaxies you observed at the beginning of this investigation, then with your group members generate and sort ideas that will help you respond to the question: Is the universe static, contracting, or expanding?

Explain

• What patterns do we noticed about the absorption spectra?
• What differences do you noticed about each spectra?
• Is there a relationship between the absorption line wavelengths and the distance from Earth? If so what is it?

Find people to share

your initial explanation

with and write it in your packet.

Claim

The universe is... (expanding, contracting, or static)

Evidence

My evidence is...(data from our three models)

Reasoning

The scientific concept(s) that link my evidence to the claim is...

Share CER Statements

Explain

On your own fill out the summary task in your packet

Explain Doppler Mini Lab

Regents Practice

Complete Practice in Canvas

Explain

Explanding Universe

With your table partner complete the balloon activity in your packet

Elaborate

What ideas do you have about the start of the universe after the balloon modeling experience yesterday?

How did the universe start? What did it look like?

Elaborate

Today's Goal: Students apply their understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum and doppler effect by analyzing and interpreting data from a model for Cosmic Background Microwave Radiation and explaining why it serves as further evidence for the Big Bang Theory.

Elaborate

If the universe is expanding what can we conclude about what it was like over 13 billion years ago?

Beginning of Time...

Scientists believe that

All matter in the universe was contained in a single point! This contained an unimaginable amount of energy. This point would have emitted light .

Beginning of Time...

What evidence should we look for to support scientists' hypothesis about the beginning of the universe?

1. How should the universe have started?
2. What lightwaves should be on the outer edge of the universe (long or short wavelengths)?
3. How has the temperature of the universe changed?

Electromagnetic Spectrum

What lightwaves should be on the outer edge of the universe (long or short wavelengths)?

Today's Outline:

1. What were the conditions of the early universe (hug analogy)?
2. Crosscutting Concept: Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
   The law of conservation of matter and energy states that within a closed system, matter and energy can change form, but the total amount of matter and energy is constant.
   1. Prediction: what happened to energy and matter after the Big Bang?
3. Wavelength Interactive
4. Reading - Cosmic Times

Claim: At the beginning of time, the universe was extremely small, hot, and dense but has been expanding ever since.

Big Bang Theory - Summary

The Universe is approximately 13.7 billion years old

What is the Big Bang?

• The Big Bang is the leading explanation of how the universe began.
• It was not an explosion, but a rapid expansion from a hot, dense state.
• The universe continues to expand from this moment.

The Early Universe

• The early universe was incredibly hot and dense.
• Subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons formed during the first seconds.
• As the universe cooled, particles combined to form simple atoms like hydrogen and helium.

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

• Cosmic Microwave Background is the "afterglow" of the Big Bang.
• Discovered in 1965 by Penzias and Wilson.
• It provides strong evidence for the Big Bang, showing that the universe was once in a very hot, dense state.

Expansion of the Universe

• The universe continues to expand today.
• Galaxies are moving away from each other, as observed through redshift.
• Edwin Hubble's observations in the 1920s confirmed that the universe is expanding.

Doppler Effect

• The Doppler Effect: A change in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the source and observer move toward (or away from) each other.

Redshift and Blueshift

What is Redshift?

• Redshift occurs when light from an object is shifted to longer wavelengths (toward the red part of the spectrum).
• It happens when the source of light is moving away from the observer.
• Hubble’s Law: The faster a galaxy is moving away, the more its light is redshifted, providing evidence for the expansion of the universe.

What is Blueshift?

• Blueshift occurs when light from an object is shifted to shorter wavelengths (toward the blue part of the spectrum).
• It happens when the source of light is moving toward the observer.

Redshift and the Expanding Universe

• Redshift is critical evidence for the expansion of the universe.
• As galaxies move away from us, their light is redshifted.
• This supports the Big Bang Theory, showing that the universe is still expanding from an initial point.

Dark Energy and the Future of the Universe

• Dark Energy is believed to drive the accelerated expansion of the universe.
• The future of the universe depends on how dark energy behaves:
  1. Continued expansion leading to a cold, empty universe.
  2. Or, a "Big Crunch" if gravity overcomes the expansion.

Summary

• The Big Bang Theory explains the origin of the universe and its expansion.
• CMB is a key piece of evidence supporting the theory.
• The universe is expanding, and dark energy plays a crucial role in its future.

Practice Quiz

Is it probable that there is life on other planets?